تدریس کامل درس 4 زبان دهم- نکات گرامری و نوشتاری- ساسان عزیزینژاد
قسمت اول
افعال کمکی خاص ( وجهي) ( Modals) : بعد از اين افعال كمكي ناقص، فعل اصلي به صورت ساده ( مصدر بدون to )
بكار مي رود.
can / may/ should / must
موارد کاربرد فعل کمکی can :
1- توانايي انجام کار يا عملي در زمان حال يا آيندهAbility :
1-I can speak French.
2-She can swim well.
2- درخواست انجام کار يا عملي Request :
3- Can you help me lift this box?
4- Can you put the children to bed?
5- Can you answer the phone, please?
3- پيشنهاد انجام کار يا عملي Offer :
6- Can I help you?
7- Can I get you a cup of coffee?
8- We can eat in a restaurant if you like.
4- اجازه انجام کار يا عملي Permission :
9- You can stop work early today.
10-You can go if you want to.
11-You can park here. It is no parking zone [منطقه/ جای پارک].
12-"Can we go home now, please?" "No, you can't."
13-A:"Can I use your car?" B:"Sure, you can use it."
5- احتمال انجام کار يا عملي Possibility :
14- We can go to Paris this weekend. (possible in the situation)
15-These roses can grow anywhere. (general possibility)
16-The temperature can sometimes reach 35°c in July. (general possibility)
17-Who can that be at the door?
18-It can't be true. (negative certainty)
19-This can't be the right road.
6 - به معنی حال استمراري present progressive meaning : بويژه فعل هايي که بصورت استمراري بکار نمی روند.
20- I can hear the sea.
21- Hey they are. I can see their car.
22- I can't understand why you are so upset.
7- فعل " cannot="can't برای مطمئن بودن از چيزی که غير ممکن است، بکار مي رود.
23-You have just had lunch. You can't be hungry.
نکته اضافی 1 : "can" و"be able to" هر دو برای توانايي انجام کار بکار مي رود. در برخی موارد به جای يکديگر بکار مي روند.
24- She can speak English well.
25- She is able to speak English well. ( يک کمي رسمی تر است )
نکته اضافی 2 (زبان تخصصي) : "be able to" بيشتر برای يک دستاورد و موفقيت خاص بکار مي رود بويژه چيزی که سخت باشه و نياز به تلاش بيشتري داشته باشد.
26-He has now recovered [بهبود يافته]from his injury and is able to drive again.
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موارد کاربرد فعل کمکي :"May"
1- برای احتمال کار يا عملي در زمان حال يا آينده Possibility:
1- It may rain tomorrow.
2- It may be late, so don't wait for me.
3- That may not be true.
2- اجازه انجام کار يا عملي Permissin . بيشتر در سبک رسمي :
4- May I use your cellphone?
5- May I leave the classroom?
6- Thank you. You may go now.
7- You may smoke outside.
3- برای بيان آرزو و اميد (Wishes and Hopes) :
8- May God be with you.
9- May you win.
10- May New Year bring you all your heart desires.
11- May she rest in peace. (دعا برای فردي که رحلت (فوت ) کرده)
نکته اضافي 1 (زبان تخصصي ): "May" بصورت سوال مسقيم در باره وقايع و موقعيت های احتمالي بکار نمي رود.
12- May the price of petrol[بنزين] rise again this year? (جمله نادرست)
13- Do you think the price of petrol will rise again this year? (جمله درست)
14- Is the price of petrol likely to rise again this year? (جمله درست)
15- Might the price of petrol rise again this year? (formal) (جمله درست)
نکته اضافي 2 (زبان تخصصي): "May" در سبک رسمی بصورت مودبانه برای پرسيدن سوال غير مسقيم بکار مي رود.
16- May I ask why you took that decision[تصميم]?
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موارد کاربرد ( Should ) :
1- براي بيان نصيحت ، اندرز ، توصيه و بهتر بودن انجام کار يا عملی در زمان حال و آينده (Advice& recommendation)
You look tired. You should go to bed.
I think the government should do more to help homeless people.
2- برای بيان انجام وظيفه و مسوليت (Responsibility or Duty ) :
I should visit my parents more often.
A restaurant's kitchen should be clean at all times ( but some aren't)
A teacher should be well-prepared for every class.
A student shouldn't waste his parents' money.
3- برای بيان انتظار (Expectations ) : کار يا عملی که مطمئن هستيم در آينده اتفاق خواهد افتاد به خاطر آشنايي قبلی با آن وضعيت و فرد و...
We should reach the airport in about twenty minutes. (The traffic is not heavy. The streets are dry. I only live eight miles from the airport. I have made this trip many times.)
Ali should get an A in grammar. ( He has received high grades on all his tests, attends all classes and completes all homework assignments [تکاليف] thoroughly [بطور کامل].)
Bob should be sick tomorrow. ( He ate four big pizzas and two bottles of soft drinks before going to bed.)
نکته اضافي 1( زبان تخصصي) : کلمه (had better='d better) موقعي استفاده ميشه که اگر فرد، چيزی را که مطلوب و دلخواه باشه را انجام ندهد ، نتايج و تاثيرات منفی خواهد داشت.
She had better get here soon or[وگرنه] she will miss the opening ceremony[مراسم افتتاحيه/آغازين].
It's five o'clock. I'd better go now before the traffic gets too bad.
I’d better not go out tonight. I’m really tired.
نکته اضافي 2 (زبان تخصصي) : کلمه ي (ought to) برای چيزی که مطلوب و ايده آل باشه، بويژه در سبک رسمی انگليسي بريتانيا بکار مي رود.
They ought to have more parks in the city center.
We ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables every day.
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موارد کاربرد (must) :
1- برای بيان الزام و ضرورت شديد شخصي: ( Strong Personal Obligation/ Necessity)
1- I must go to bed earlier.
I must buy some new clothes. My clothes look so old.
2- برای بيان استنباط و نتيجه گيری ( احتمال زياد) Deduction and Conclusion ( high probability) :
He is so small. He must be no more than 4 years old.
You must be Anna's sister- you look like her.
Mary must have a problem. She keeps crying.
نکته( زبان تخصصي) : در اين کاربرد (must) را نمي توان به شکل منفي (mustn't) بکار برد. و براي شکل منفي آن از (can't) استفاده مي شود.
Mary mustn't have a problem. She keeps laughing. (جمله نادرست)
Mary can't have a problem. She keeps laughing. (جمله درست)
3- در اطلاعيه های عمومی و علايم هشدار دهنده که نشانگر قوانين ، امر و نهی و ... مي باشد.
Public signs and notices indicating laws, rules or prohibition:
You must wash your hands before returning to work.
You must leave the building if the fire alarm sounds.
You must not leave any rubbish in the area.
4- برای بيان دعوت مودبانه و تشويق به انجام کاري (زبان تخصصی) :( Polite invitation or encouragement: )
You must come and see us soon
You must try some of this chocolate cake. It's delicious.
5- برای بيان نقد و انتقاد (criticisms) به شکل جمله سوالي (زبان تخصصی) :
13- Must I clean all the rooms?
14- Must you keep playing the terrible music?
15- Why must you always leave the door open?